Pretrained language models have become workhorses for various natural language processing (NLP) tasks, sparking a growing demand for enhanced interpretability and transparency. However, prevailing explanation methods, such as attention-based and gradient-based strategies, largely rely on linear approximations, potentially causing inaccuracies such as accentuating irrelevant input tokens. To mitigate the issue, we develop PromptExplainer, a novel method for explaining language models through prompt-based learning. PromptExplainer aligns the explanation process with the masked language modeling (MLM) task of pretrained language models and leverages the prompt-based learning framework for explanation generation. It disentangles token representations into the explainable embedding space using the MLM head and extracts discriminative features with a verbalizer to generate class-dependent explanations. Extensive experiments demonstrate that PromptExplainer significantly outperforms state-of-the-art explanation methods.

“老挝语的语音合成对中老两国合作与交流意义重大,但老挝语语音发音复杂,存在声调、音节及音素等发音特性,现有语音合成方法在老挝语上效果不尽人意。基于注意力机制建模的自回归模型难以拟合复杂的老挝语语音,模型泛化能力差,容易出现漏字、跳字等灾难性错误,合成音频缺乏自然性和流畅性。本文提出基于离散化自监督表征增强的老挝语非自回归语音合成方法,结合老挝语的语言语音特点,使用老挝语音素粒度的标注时长信息构建非自回归架构声学模型,通过自监督学习的预训练语音模型来提取语音内容和声调信息的离散化表征,融入到声学模型中增强模型的语音生成能力,增强合成音频的流畅性和自然性。实验证明,本文方法合成音频达到了4.03的MOS评分,基于离散化自监督表征增强的非自回归建模方法,能更好的在声调、音素时长、音高等细粒度层面刻画老挝语的语音特性。”

The Universum class, often known as the *other* class or the*miscellaneous* class, is defined as a collection of samples that do not belong to any class of interest. It is a typical class that exists in many classification-based tasks in NLP, such as relation extraction, named entity recognition, sentiment analysis, etc. The Universum class exhibits very different properties, namely heterogeneity and lack of representativeness in training data; however, existing methods often treat the Universum class equally with the classes of interest, leading to problems such as overfitting, misclassification, and diminished model robustness. In this work, we propose a closed boundary learning method that applies closed decision boundaries to classes of interest and designates the area outside all closed boundaries in the feature space as the space of the Universum class. Specifically, we formulate closed boundaries as arbitrary shapes, propose the inter-class rule-based probability estimation for the Universum class to cater to its unique properties, and propose a boundary learning loss to adjust decision boundaries based on the balance of misclassified samples inside and outside the boundary. In adherence to the natural properties of the Universum class, our method enhances both accuracy and robustness of classification models, demonstrated by improvements on six state-of-the-art works across three different tasks. Our code is available at https://github.com/hzzhou01/Closed-Boundary-Learning.