Isabel Lacruz


2018

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Literality and cognitive effort: Japanese and Spanish
Isabel Lacruz | Michael Carl | Masaru Yamada
Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2018)

2016

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Measuring Cognitive Translation Effort with Activity Units
Moritz Jonas Schaeffer | Michael Carl | Isabel Lacruz | Akiko Aizawa
Proceedings of the 19th Annual Conference of the European Association for Machine Translation

2015

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Effects of word alignment visualization on post-editing quality & speed
Lane Schwartz | Isabel Lacruz | Tatyana Bystrova
Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit XV: Papers

2014

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Cognitive demand and cognitive effort in post-editing
Isabel Lacruz | Michael Denkowski | Alon Lavie
Proceedings of the 11th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas

The pause to word ratio, the number of pauses per word in a post-edited MT segment, is an indicator of cognitive effort in post-editing (Lacruz and Shreve, 2014). We investigate how low the pause threshold can reasonably be taken, and we propose that 300 ms is a good choice, as pioneered by Schilperoord (1996). We then seek to identify a good measure of the cognitive demand imposed by MT output on the post-editor, as opposed to the cognitive effort actually exerted by the post-editor during post-editing. Measuring cognitive demand is closely related to measuring MT utility, the MT quality as perceived by the post-editor. HTER, an extrinsic edit to word ratio that does not necessarily correspond to actual edits per word performed by the post-editor, is a well-established measure of MT quality, but it does not comprehensively capture cognitive demand (Koponen, 2012). We investigate intrinsic measures of MT quality, and so of cognitive demand, through edited-error to word metrics. We find that the transfer-error to word ratio predicts cognitive effort better than mechanical-error to word ratio (Koby and Champe, 2013). We identify specific categories of cognitively challenging MT errors whose error to word ratios correlate well with cognitive effort.

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Real time adaptive machine translation: cdec and TransCenter
Michael Denkowski | Alon Lavie | Isabel Lacruz | Chris Dyer
Proceedings of the 11th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas

cdec Realtime and TransCenter provide an end-to-end experimental setup for machine translation post-editing research. Realtime provides a framework for building adaptive MT systems that learn from post-editor feedback while TransCenter incorporates a web-based translation interface that connects users to these systems and logs post-editing activity. This combination allows the straightforward deployment of MT systems specifically for post-editing and analysis of translator productivity when working with adaptive systems. Both toolkits are freely available under open source licenses.

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Real Time Adaptive Machine Translation for Post-Editing with cdec and TransCenter
Michael Denkowski | Alon Lavie | Isabel Lacruz | Chris Dyer
Proceedings of the EACL 2014 Workshop on Humans and Computer-assisted Translation

2012

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Average Pause Ratio as an Indicator of Cognitive Effort in Post-Editing: A Case Study
Isabel Lacruz | Gregory M. Shreve | Erik Angelone
Workshop on Post-Editing Technology and Practice

Pauses are known to be good indicators of cognitive demand in monolingual language production and in translation. However, a previous effort by O’Brien (2006) to establish an analogous relationship in post-editing did not produce the expected result. In this case study, we introduce a metric for pause activity, the average pause ratio, which is sensitive to both the number and duration of pauses. We measured cognitive effort in a segment by counting the number of complete editing events. We found that the average pause ratio was higher for less cognitively demanding segments than for more cognitively demanding segments. Moreover, this effect became more pronounced as the minimum threshold for pause length was shortened.