Kairit Sirts


2024

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Your Model Is Not Predicting Depression Well And That Is Why: A Case Study of PRIMATE Dataset
Kirill Milintsevich | Kairit Sirts | Gaël Dias
Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology (CLPsych 2024)

This paper addresses the quality of annotations in mental health datasets used for NLP-based depression level estimation from social media texts. While previous research relies on social media-based datasets annotated with binary categories, i.e. depressed or non-depressed, recent datasets such as D2S and PRIMATE aim for nuanced annotations using PHQ-9 symptoms. However, most of these datasets rely on crowd workers without the domain knowledge for annotation. Focusing on the PRIMATE dataset, our study reveals concerns regarding annotation validity, particularly for the lack of interest or pleasure symptom. Through reannotation by a mental health professional, we introduce finer labels and textual spans as evidence, identifying a notable number of false positives. Our refined annotations, to be released under a Data Use Agreement, offer a higher-quality test set for anhedonia detection. This study underscores the necessity of addressing annotation quality issues in mental health datasets, advocating for improved methodologies to enhance NLP model reliability in mental health assessments.

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TartuNLP @ SIGTYP 2024 Shared Task: Adapting XLM-RoBERTa for Ancient and Historical Languages
Aleksei Dorkin | Kairit Sirts
Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Research in Computational Linguistic Typology and Multilingual NLP

We present our submission to the unconstrained subtask of the SIGTYP 2024 Shared Task on Word Embedding Evaluation for Ancient and Historical Languages for morphological annotation, POS-tagging, lemmatization, characterand word-level gap-filling. We developed a simple, uniform, and computationally lightweight approach based on the adapters framework using parameter-efficient fine-tuning. We applied the same adapter-based approach uniformly to all tasks and 16 languages by fine-tuning stacked language- and task-specific adapters. Our submission obtained an overall second place out of three submissions, with the first place in word-level gap-filling. Our results show the feasibility of adapting language models pre-trained on modern languages to historical and ancient languages via adapter training.

2023

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Comparison of Current Approaches to Lemmatization: A Case Study in Estonian
Aleksei Dorkin | Kairit Sirts
Proceedings of the 24th Nordic Conference on Computational Linguistics (NoDaLiDa)

This study evaluates three different lemmatization approaches to Estonian—Generative character-level models, Pattern-based word-level classification models, and rule-based morphological analysis. According to our experiments, a significantly smaller Generative model consistently outperforms the Pattern-based classification model based on EstBERT. Additionally, we observe a relatively small overlap in errors made by all three models, indicating that an ensemble of different approach could lead to improvements.

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Estonian Named Entity Recognition: New Datasets and Models
Kairit Sirts
Proceedings of the 24th Nordic Conference on Computational Linguistics (NoDaLiDa)

This paper presents the annotation process of two Estonian named entity recognition (NER) datasets, involving the creation of annotation guidelines for labeling eleven different types of entities. In addition to the commonly annotated entities such as person names, organization names, and locations, the annotation scheme encompasses geopolitical entities, product names, titles/roles, events, dates, times, monetary values, and percents. The annotation was performed on two datasets, one involving reannotating an existing NER dataset primarily composed of news texts and the other incorporating new texts from news and social media domains. Transformer-based models were trained on these annotated datasets to establish baseline predictive performance. Our findings indicate that the best results were achieved by training a single model on the combined dataset, suggesting that the domain differences between the datasets are relatively small.

2022

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Narrative Why-Question Answering: A Review of Challenges and Datasets
Emil Kalbaliyev | Kairit Sirts
Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Natural Language Generation, Evaluation, and Metrics (GEM)

Narrative Why-Question Answering is an important task to assess the causal reasoning ability of systems in narrative settings. Further progress in this domain needs clear identification of challenges related to understanding the causal structure of narration. In this paper, we give an overview of the challenges related to both narrative understanding and why-question answering, because Narrative Why-Question Answering combines the characteristics of these domains. We also identify narrative QA datasets containing why-questions and analyze their characteristics through the lens of these challenges.

2021

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Enhancing Sequence-to-Sequence Neural Lemmatization with External Resources
Kirill Milintsevich | Kairit Sirts
Proceedings of the 16th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Main Volume

We propose a novel hybrid approach to lemmatization that enhances the seq2seq neural model with additional lemmas extracted from an external lexicon or a rule-based system. During training, the enhanced lemmatizer learns both to generate lemmas via a sequential decoder and copy the lemma characters from the external candidates supplied during run-time. Our lemmatizer enhanced with candidates extracted from the Apertium morphological analyzer achieves statistically significant improvements compared to baseline models not utilizing additional lemma information, achieves an average accuracy of 97.25% on a set of 23 UD languages, which is 0.55% higher than obtained with the Stanford Stanza model on the same set of languages. We also compare with other methods of integrating external data into lemmatization and show that our enhanced system performs considerably better than a simple lexicon extension method based on the Stanza system, and it achieves complementary improvements w.r.t. the data augmentation method.

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EstBERT: A Pretrained Language-Specific BERT for Estonian
Hasan Tanvir | Claudia Kittask | Sandra Eiche | Kairit Sirts
Proceedings of the 23rd Nordic Conference on Computational Linguistics (NoDaLiDa)

This paper presents EstBERT, a large pretrained transformer-based language-specific BERT model for Estonian. Recent work has evaluated multilingual BERT models on Estonian tasks and found them to outperform the baselines. Still, based on existing studies on other languages, a language-specific BERT model is expected to improve over the multilingual ones. We first describe the EstBERT pretraining process and then present the models’ results based on the finetuned EstBERT for multiple NLP tasks, including POS and morphological tagging, dependency parsing, named entity recognition and text classification. The evaluation results show that the models based on EstBERT outperform multilingual BERT models on five tasks out of seven, providing further evidence towards a view that training language-specific BERT models are still useful, even when multilingual models are available.

2018

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Modeling Composite Labels for Neural Morphological Tagging
Alexander Tkachenko | Kairit Sirts
Proceedings of the 22nd Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning

Neural morphological tagging has been regarded as an extension to POS tagging task, treating each morphological tag as a monolithic label and ignoring its internal structure. We propose to view morphological tags as composite labels and explicitly model their internal structure in a neural sequence tagger. For this, we explore three different neural architectures and compare their performance with both CRF and simple neural multiclass baselines. We evaluate our models on 49 languages and show that the neural architecture that models the morphological labels as sequences of morphological category values performs significantly better than both baselines establishing state-of-the-art results in morphological tagging for most languages.

2017

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Linear Ensembles of Word Embedding Models
Avo Muromägi | Kairit Sirts | Sven Laur
Proceedings of the 21st Nordic Conference on Computational Linguistics

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Idea density for predicting Alzheimer’s disease from transcribed speech
Kairit Sirts | Olivier Piguet | Mark Johnson
Proceedings of the 21st Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning (CoNLL 2017)

Idea Density (ID) measures the rate at which ideas or elementary predications are expressed in an utterance or in a text. Lower ID is found to be associated with an increased risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease (AD) (Snowdon et al., 1996; Engelman et al., 2010). ID has been used in two different versions: propositional idea density (PID) counts the expressed ideas and can be applied to any text while semantic idea density (SID) counts pre-defined information content units and is naturally more applicable to normative domains, such as picture description tasks. In this paper, we develop DEPID, a novel dependency-based method for computing PID, and its version DEPID-R that enables to exclude repeating ideas—a feature characteristic to AD speech. We conduct the first comparison of automatically extracted PID and SID in the diagnostic classification task on two different AD datasets covering both closed-topic and free-recall domains. While SID performs better on the normative dataset, adding PID leads to a small but significant improvement (+1.7 F-score). On the free-topic dataset, PID performs better than SID as expected (77.6 vs 72.3 in F-score) but adding the features derived from the word embedding clustering underlying the automatic SID increases the results considerably, leading to an F-score of 84.8.

2016

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Neighborhood Mixture Model for Knowledge Base Completion
Dat Quoc Nguyen | Kairit Sirts | Lizhen Qu | Mark Johnson
Proceedings of the 20th SIGNLL Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning

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A Comparative Study of Minimally Supervised Morphological Segmentation
Teemu Ruokolainen | Oskar Kohonen | Kairit Sirts | Stig-Arne Grönroos | Mikko Kurimo | Sami Virpioja
Computational Linguistics, Volume 42, Issue 1 - March 2016

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STransE: a novel embedding model of entities and relationships in knowledge bases
Dat Quoc Nguyen | Kairit Sirts | Lizhen Qu | Mark Johnson
Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies

2015

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Query-Based Single Document Summarization Using an Ensemble Noisy Auto-Encoder
Mahmood Yousefi Azar | Kairit Sirts | Diego Mollá Aliod | Len Hamey
Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2015

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Do POS Tags Help to Learn Better Morphological Segmentations?
Kairit Sirts | Mark Johnson
Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2015

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Improving Topic Coherence with Latent Feature Word Representations in MAP Estimation for Topic Modeling
Dat Quoc Nguyen | Kairit Sirts | Mark Johnson
Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2015

2014

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POS induction with distributional and morphological information using a distance-dependent Chinese restaurant process
Kairit Sirts | Jacob Eisenstein | Micha Elsner | Sharon Goldwater
Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)

2013

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Minimally-Supervised Morphological Segmentation using Adaptor Grammars
Kairit Sirts | Sharon Goldwater
Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Volume 1

This paper explores the use of Adaptor Grammars, a nonparametric Bayesian modelling framework, for minimally supervised morphological segmentation. We compare three training methods: unsupervised training, semi-supervised training, and a novel model selection method. In the model selection method, we train unsupervised Adaptor Grammars using an over-articulated metagrammar, then use a small labelled data set to select which potential morph boundaries identified by the metagrammar should be returned in the final output. We evaluate on five languages and show that semi-supervised training provides a boost over unsupervised training, while the model selection method yields the best average results over all languages and is competitive with state-of-the-art semi-supervised systems. Moreover, this method provides the potential to tune performance according to different evaluation metrics or downstream tasks.

2012

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A Hierarchical Dirichlet Process Model for Joint Part-of-Speech and Morphology Induction
Kairit Sirts | Tanel Alumäe
Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies